How to Get File Name from a Full Path in Batch Script

When working with file paths in a batch script, you often start with a full path (e.g., C:\Users\Admin\Documents\report.txt) but only need a specific part of it, such as just the filename (report.txt), the extension (.txt), or the drive letter (C:). Manually parsing these strings is complex and unreliable. Fortunately, batch scripting provides a powerful set of built-in parameter expansion modifiers to deconstruct a path instantly.

This guide will teach you how to use the special tilde (~) modifiers within a FOR loop or on a script argument to easily extract the filename, extension, and other components from a full path, a fundamental skill for any file-handling script.

The Core Method: Parameter Expansion Modifiers

The key to parsing paths is the set of modifiers that can be applied to a FOR loop variable (like %%F) or a script argument (like %1). These are signaled by a tilde (~) placed after the %.

• For a FOR loop variable: FOR %%I IN ("path") DO ECHO %%~nxI
• For a script argument: ECHO %~nx1

Each letter following the tilde has a specific meaning and extracts a different part of the path.

The Modifiers Cheat Sheet

Let's assume we have the following full path stored in a variable: C:\Users\Admin\Documents\My Report.txt

Modifier	Meaning	Example Output
%%~fI	full path	C:\Users\Admin\Documents\My Report.txt
%%~dI	drive letter	C:
%%~pI	path (folder)	\Users\Admin\Documents\
%%~nI	filename only	My Report
%%~xI	extension only	.txt
%%~sI	short (8.3) path	C:\Users\Admin\DOCUME~1\MYREPO~1.TXT
%%~zI	size of the file	12345 (in bytes)
%%~tI	timestamp	10/27/2023 10:15 AM

You can also combine these modifiers to get specific results. The most useful combinations are:

Modifier	Meaning	Example Output
%%~dpI	drive and path	C:\Users\Admin\Documents\
%%~nxI	name and extension	My Report.txt

Basic Example: Deconstructing a Path with FOR

This is the standard method when you have a path stored in a variable. The FOR loop runs once, giving you access to the modifiers.

@ECHO OFF
SET "MyFilePath=C:\Users\Admin\Documents\My Report.txt"

ECHO --- Deconstructing Path ---
ECHO Original Path: "%MyFilePath%"
ECHO.

FOR %%F IN ("%MyFilePath%") DO (
    ECHO Full Path (f):      %%~fF
    ECHO Drive (d):          %%~dF
    ECHO Path (p):           %%~pF
    ECHO Name (n):           %%~nF
    ECHO Extension (x):      %%~xF
    ECHO ---------------------------
    ECHO Drive + Path (dp):  %%~dpF
    ECHO Name + Ext (nx):    %%~nxF
)

This script cleanly breaks the path into all its constituent parts.

Working with Script Arguments (%~1)

The same modifiers can be applied directly to script arguments (%1, %2, etc.). This is extremely useful for creating tool scripts that operate on files dragged onto them or passed from the command line.

ParsePath.bat

@ECHO OFF
IF "%~1"=="" (ECHO Please provide a file path as an argument. & GOTO :EOF)

ECHO --- Parsing Argument 1 ---
ECHO.
ECHO Full Path (f):      %~f1
ECHO Drive + Path (dp):  %~dp1
ECHO Name + Ext (nx):    %~nx1

And an example of usage and generated output:

C:\> ParsePath.bat "C:\My Project\src\main.js"

--- Parsing Argument 1 ---

Full Path (f):      C:\My Project\src\main.js
Drive + Path (dp):  C:\My Project\src\
Name + Ext (nx):    main.js

note

%~1 itself is a special modifier that removes quotes from the argument.

Common Pitfalls and How to Solve Them

• Using Modifiers on Regular Variables: This is the most common mistake. The ~ modifiers do not work on regular variables with percent signs (%MyVar%).

  REM This will NOT work. It will just print the literal string.
  ECHO %~nxMyFilePath%

  Solution: You must use a FOR loop to process a regular variable. This is the standard, accepted pattern.

• Paths with Spaces: The examples above are all robust because the input paths are quoted ("%MyFilePath%"). This ensures that the FOR loop or the argument parser receives the entire path as a single entity.

Practical Example: A File Processing and Renaming Script

This script takes a file path as an argument, extracts its components, and renames the file by appending the current date to its name.

AddDate.bat

@ECHO OFF
SETLOCAL
SET "FullFilePath=%~f1"

IF NOT EXIST "%FullFilePath%" (ECHO File not found. & GOTO :End)

ECHO Original file: "%FullFilePath%"

REM --- Deconstruct the path ---
FOR %%F IN ("%FullFilePath%") DO (
    SET "ParentFolder=%%~dpF"
    SET "FileName=%%~nF"
    SET "FileExt=%%~xF"
)

REM --- Create a date stamp ---
SET "DateStamp=%DATE:~10,4%-%DATE:~4,2%-%DATE:~7,2%"

REM --- Construct the new name ---
SET "NewFileName=%FileName%_%DateStamp%%FileExt%"

ECHO Renaming to:   "%NewFileName%"

REN "%FullFilePath%" "%NewFileName%"

:End
ENDLOCAL

For usage just run AddDate.bat "C:\Reports\Sales.csv" and the file will be renamed to Sales_2023-10-27.csv.

Conclusion

The parameter expansion modifiers are a powerful, built-in feature of batch scripting that provide a complete solution for parsing file paths.

• To parse a path stored in a regular variable, you must use a FOR loop: FOR %%F IN ("%MyVar%") DO ECHO %%~nxF
• To parse a path passed as a script argument, you can apply the modifiers directly: ECHO %~nx1
• The most useful combinations are ~dp (drive and path) and ~nx (name and extension).

By mastering these simple but powerful modifiers, you can write clean, reliable scripts that can confidently handle any file path.